Campbell Biology ✏ In a Nutshell

Unit 1 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

Unit 2 THE CELL

2.1 A Tour of the Cell

CONCEPT 6.1 Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells
CONCEPT 6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
CONCEPT 6.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
CONCEPT 6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
CONCEPT 6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
CONCEPT 6.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
CONCEPT 6.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
CONCEPT 6.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts

2.2 Membrane Structure and Function

CONCEPT 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
CONCEPT 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability
CONCEPT 7.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
CONCEPT 7.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
CONCEPT 7.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis

2.3 An Introduction to Metabolism

CONCEPT 8.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy
CONCEPT 8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
CONCEPT 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
CONCEPT 8.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
CONCEPT 8.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism

2.4 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

CONCEPT 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
CONCEPT 9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
CONCEPT 9.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
CONCEPT 9.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
CONCEPT 9.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
CONCEPT 9.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways

2.5 Photosynthesis

CONCEPT 10.1 Photosynthesis feeds the biosphere
CONCEPT 10.2 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
CONCEPT 10.3 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
CONCEPT 10.4 The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO₂ to sugar
CONCEPT 10.5 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates
CONCEPT 10.6 Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth: a review

2.6 Cell Communication

CONCEPT 11.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell
CONCEPT 11.2 Signal reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor, causing it to change shape
CONCEPT 11.3 Signal transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions transmit signals from receptors to relay molecules in the cell
CONCEPT 11.4 Cellular response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
CONCEPT 11.5 Apoptosis requires integration of multiple cell-signaling pathways

2.7 The Cell Cycle

CONCEPT 12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
CONCEPT 12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
CONCEPT 12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system

Unit 3 GENETICS

3.1 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

CONCEPT 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
CONCEPT 13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
CONCEPT 13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
CONCEPT 13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution

3.2 Mendel and the Gene Idea

CONCEPT 14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
CONCEPT 14.2 Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance
CONCEPT 14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics
CONCEPT 14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance

3.3 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

CONCEPT 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes
CONCEPT 15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
CONCEPT 15.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
CONCEPT 15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
CONCEPT 15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance

3.4 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

CONCEPT 16.1 DNA is the genetic material
CONCEPT 16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
CONCEPT 16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins

3.5 Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

CONCEPT 17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
CONCEPT 17.2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: A Closer Look
CONCEPT 17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
CONCEPT 17.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: A Closer Look
CONCEPT 17.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function

3.6 Regulation of Gene Expression

CONCEPT 18.1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription
CONCEPT 18.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
CONCEPT 18.4 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
CONCEPT 18.5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control

3.7 Viruses

CONCEPT 19.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
CONCEPT 19.2 Viruses replicate only in host cells
CONCEPT 19.3 Viruses and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants

3.8 DNA Tools and Biotechnology

CONCEPT 20.1 DNA sequencing and DNA cloning are valuable tools for genetic engineering and biological inquiry
CONCEPT 20.2 Biologists use DNA technology to study gene expression and function
CONCEPT 20.3 Cloned organisms and stem cells are useful for basic research and other applications
CONCEPT 20.4 The practical applications of DNA-based biotechnology affect our lives in many ways

3.9 Genomes and Their Evolution

CONCEPT 21.1 The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing techniques
CONCEPT 21.2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions
CONCEPT 21.3 Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density
CONCEPT 21.4 Multicellular eukaryotes have a lot of noncoding DNA and many multigene families
CONCEPT 21.5 Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
CONCEPT 21.6 Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development

Unit 4 MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION

4.1 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

CONCEPT 22.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
CONCEPT 22.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
CONCEPT 22.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence

4.2 The Evolution of Populations

CONCEPT 23.1 Genetic variation makes evolution possible
CONCEPT 23.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
CONCEPT 23.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
CONCEPT 23.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution

4.3 The Origin of Species

CONCEPT 24.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
CONCEPT 24.2 Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
CONCEPT 24.3 Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation
CONCEPT 24.4 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes

4.4 The History of Life on Earth

CONCEPT 25.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
CONCEPT 25.2 The fossil record documents the history of life
CONCEPT 25.3 Key events in life’s history include the origins of single-celled and multicelled organisms and the colonization of land
CONCEPT 25.4 The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extinction rates
CONCEPT 25.5 Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes
CONCEPT 25.6 Evolution is not goal oriented

Unit 5 THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

5.1 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

CONCEPT 26.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
CONCEPT 26.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
CONCEPT 26.3 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
CONCEPT 26.4 An organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome
CONCEPT 26.5 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
CONCEPT 26.6 Our understanding of the tree of life continues to change based on new data

5.2 Bacteria and Archaea

CONCEPT 27.1 Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success
CONCEPT 27.2 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
CONCEPT 27.3 Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
CONCEPT 27.4 Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
CONCEPT 27.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
CONCEPT 27.6 Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans

5.3 Protists

CONCEPT 28.1 Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms
CONCEPT 28.2 Excavates include protists with modified mitochondria and unique flagella
CONCEPT 28.3 SAR is a highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities
CONCEPT 28.4 Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants
CONCEPT 28.5 Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals
CONCEPT 28.6 Protists play key roles in ecological communities

5.4 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

CONCEPT 29.1 Plants evolved from green algae
CONCEPT 29.2 Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
CONCEPT 29.3 Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall

5.5 Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

CONCEPT 30.1 Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
CONCEPT 30.2 Gymnosperms bear “naked” seeds, typically on cones
CONCEPT 30.3 The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms make them the most successful plant group
CONCEPT 30.4 Human welfare depends on seed plants

5.6 Fungi

CONCEPT 31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption
CONCEPT 31.2 Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles
CONCEPT 31.3 The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist
CONCEPT 31.4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
CONCEPT 31.5 Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human affairs

5.7 An Overview of Animal Diversity

CONCEPT 32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
CONCEPT 32.2 The history of animals spans more than half a billion years
CONCEPT 32.3 Animals can be characterized by body plans
CONCEPT 32.4 Views of animal phylogeny continue to be shaped by new molecular and morphological data

5.8 An Introduction to Invertebrates

CONCEPT 33.1 Sponges are basal animals that lack true tissues
CONCEPT 33.2 Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans
CONCEPT 33.3 Lophotrochozoans are a diverse clade identified by molecular data
CONCEPT 33.4 Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group
CONCEPT 33.5 Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes

5.9 The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

CONCEPT 34.1 Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
CONCEPT 34.2 Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
CONCEPT 34.3 Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws
CONCEPT 34.4 Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs
CONCEPT 34.5 Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
CONCEPT 34.6 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
CONCEPT 34.7 Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion

Unit 6 PLANT FORM AND FUNCTION

6.1 Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

CONCEPT 35.1 Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells
CONCEPT 35.2 Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth
CONCEPT 35.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
CONCEPT 35.4 Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants
CONCEPT 35.5 Growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation produce the plant body

6.2 Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

CONCEPT 36.1 Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants
CONCEPT 36.2 Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances
CONCEPT 36.3 Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots
CONCEPT 36.4 The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata
CONCEPT 36.5 Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem
CONCEPT 36.6 The symplast is highly dynamic and allows for communication between cells

6.3 Soil and Plant Nutrition

CONCEPT 37.1 Soil contains a living, complex ecosystem that supports plant growth
CONCEPT 37.2 Plant roots absorb many types of essential nutrients from the soil
CONCEPT 37.3 Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms

6.4 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

CONCEPT 38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle
CONCEPT 38.2 Flowering plants reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
CONCEPT 38.3 People modify crops by breeding and genetic engineering

6.5 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

CONCEPT 39.1 Signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response
CONCEPT 39.3 Responses to light are critical for plant success

CONCEPT 39.2 Plants use chemicals to communicate
CONCEPT 39.4 Plants respond to a wide variety of environmental stimuli
CONCEPT 39.5 Plants respond to attacks by pathogens and herbivores

Unit 7 ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION

7.1 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

CONCEPT 40.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
CONCEPT 40.2 Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
CONCEPT 40.3 Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior
CONCEPT 40.4 Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment

7.2 Animal Nutrition

CONCEPT 41.1 An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients
CONCEPT 41.2 Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
CONCEPT 41.3 Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system
CONCEPT 41.4 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
CONCEPT 41.5 Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite

7.3 Circulation and Gas Exchange

CONCEPT 42.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
CONCEPT 42.2 Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
CONCEPT 42.3 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
CONCEPT 42.4 Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
CONCEPT 42.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
CONCEPT 42.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs
CONCEPT 42.7 Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases

7.4 The Immune System

CONCEPT 43.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
CONCEPT 43.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
CONCEPT 43.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
CONCEPT 43.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease

7.5 Osmoregulation and Excretion

CONCEPT 44.1 Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes
CONCEPT 44.2 An animal’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat
CONCEPT 44.3 Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme
CONCEPT 44.4 The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate
CONCEPT 44.5 Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure

7.6 Hormones and the Endocrine System

CONCEPT 45.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
CONCEPT 45.2 Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system are common in hormone pathways
CONCEPT 45.3 Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating animal physiology

7.7 Animal Reproduction

CONCEPT 46.1 Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
CONCEPT 46.2 Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bring together sperm and eggs of the same species
CONCEPT 46.3 Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
CONCEPT 46.4 The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates mammalian reproduction
CONCEPT 46.5 In placental mammals, an embryo develops fully within the mother’s uterus

7.8 Animal Development

CONCEPT 47.1 Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonic development
CONCEPT 47.2 Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and survival
CONCEPT 47.3 Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals regulate cell fate

7.9 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

CONCEPT 48.1 Neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer
CONCEPT 48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron
CONCEPT 48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
CONCEPT 48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses

7.10 Nervous Systems

CONCEPT 49.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
CONCEPT 49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
CONCEPT 49.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
CONCEPT 49.4 Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning
CONCEPT 49.5 Many nervous system disorders can now be explained in molecular terms

7.11 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

CONCEPT 50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
CONCEPT 50.2 In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect settling particles or moving fluid
CONCEPT 50.3 The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on light-absorbing pigments
CONCEPT 50.4 The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors
CONCEPT 50.5 The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
CONCEPT 50.6 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion

7.12 Animal Behavior

CONCEPT 51.1 Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors
CONCEPT 51.2 Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
CONCEPT 51.3 Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behaviors
CONCEPT 51.4 Genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studying the evolution of behavior

Unit 8 ECOLOGY

8.1 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

CONCEPT 52.1 Earth’s climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly
CONCEPT 52.2 The distribution of terrestrial biomes is controlled by climate and disturbance
CONCEPT 52.3 Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
CONCEPT 52.4 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
CONCEPT 52.5 Ecological change and evolution affect one another over long and short periods of time

8.2 Population Ecology

CONCEPT 53.1 Biotic and abiotic factors affect population density, dispersion, and demographics
CONCEPT 53.2 The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment
CONCEPT 53.3 The logistic model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity
CONCEPT 53.4 Life history traits are products of natural selection
CONCEPT 53.5 Density-dependent factors regulate population growth
CONCEPT 53.6 The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing extremely rapidly

8.3 Community Ecology

CONCEPT 54.1 Interactions between species can help, harm, or have no effect on the individuals involved
CONCEPT 54.2 Diversity and trophic structure characterize biological communities
CONCEPT 54.3 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition
CONCEPT 54.4 Biogeographic factors affect community diversity
CONCEPT 54.5 Pathogens alter community structure locally and globally

8.4 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

CONCEPT 55.1 Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
CONCEPT 55.2 Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems
CONCEPT 55.3 Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
CONCEPT 55.4 Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems
CONCEPT 55.5 Restoration ecologists return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state

8.5 Conservation Biology and Global Change

CONCEPT 56.1 Human activities threaten Earth’s biodiversity
CONCEPT 56.2 Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat
CONCEPT 56.3 Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity
CONCEPT 56.4 Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions
CONCEPT 56.5 Sustainable development can improve human lives while conserving biodiversity